When you gonna let me rhyme on something? Why I gotta beef with everybody?'" But, like I said, we would sit in the studio, and he’d put on a beat, and he would sit next to me and be like ‘yo, I want you to talk that sh*t on this one.’ I’m like ‘Dre, that’s what you say on every track you play, bruh. I’m looking at it like ‘Yeah, get with Dre.’ I wanted to make a mega project that wasn’t…of course it’s hip-hop, but I wanted everybody to be able to listen to it, get this opportunity. I had grown up a little bit, trying to elevate with music, as well. "That’s his formula, but I thought at that point I should be doing something different. "I guess listening to certain songs that I did– listening to stories– I guess he wanted me to do that…a gangsta rap album, I guess," Rakim revealed. During a lengthy interview with Toure on Vlad TV, Ra laid it all bare. Upon relocating to California and setting up shop, an ideological divide began to open up between the Dre and Rakim, that they clearly hadn’t anticipated. To be able to be on a joint with Dre and Jay let people know that yeah, I’ve been around for a while, but I know what I’m doing."Īs for what exactly went wrong, the dialogue has been one-way. Everyone was categorizing rappers, “old school” or this. "I’m glad Jay did it… I needed that at that time," Rakim told The Breakfast Club in September 2019. Save for the bhangra-infused hit “Addictive” with former Aftermath signee Truth Hurts and his formidable contribution to Eminem’s 8 Mile OST, all that remains is a smattering of leaked tracks including the gripping “After You Die” and “The Watcher Pt 2” from Jay Z’s The Blueprint: The Gift & The Curse. Now, there remains very little as evidence that the two ever even had a partnership. The pair "mutually decided to go their separate ways," declared Ra’s manager Zach Katz in a statement. "There are reasons, but I really can't get into them, just basically creative differences. ![]() Yet by 2003, the ties between the two were severed without this potentially seminal album ever seeing the light of day. Left stationary within an ever-changing landscape, Dre’s guidance and awareness of the modern marketplace seemed like all it’d take for The God MC to reassume the throne. A few years later, the stars had aligned at a time where Ra had found himself out on a limb. After all, Dre had regained the Midas touch, striking gold with not only Eminem but his own return to the fray on 2001. After admiring one another from afar, Rakim had first mentioned that “Dre‘s been putting the word out that he wants to do some beats for me” way back in 1995. This is going to be the biggest hip-hop record ever, straight up and coming at you from Aftermath, baby, so fuck all of y'all."Īn emphatic statement if ever there was one, it’s easy to see why the producer had high hopes for helming a new Rakim album. “We just signed Rakim to our label, straight up," he said, "Rakim is on Aftermath, and the name of his album is going to be Oh My God. Announced while the Compton mastermind was on location at the video shoot for “Stan” in October 2000, Dre made the acquisition public in a brash fashion that captured the mood of his Interscope- backed imprint at the time. Just as his controversy-courting protégé Eminem had helped rescue him from a time where his position seemed precarious, Dre looked to pay it forward to one of the genre’s true innovators. In his time of need, a West Coast icon parachuted into his orbit with an outstretched hand. To put this sharp decline into perspective, his 1997 comeback album The 18th Letter secured the number four spot with ease. Even with its noteworthy attributes and an immense, Primo-crafted lead single “ When I B On Tha Mic,” the album peaked at number 72 on the Billboard charts. His sophomore solo album, 1999’s The Master was an accomplished body of work that featured phenomenal production from the likes of DJ Premier and Clark Kent while displaying his lyrical prowess in all its glory. The reverence for his skills hadn’t depleted, but he’d reached something of a crossroads when it came to shifting units. ![]() Still, there was a time where the New York native was languishing in the commercial doldrums.
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Memory size is 8 G B per core, or 64 G B per board, with 2400 G B / s overall memory bandwidth. Total ML acceleration for a Cloud TPU v2 platform is 180 T F L O P S. One TPU v2 package supports 45 TFLOPS and contains 2 cores. Įach TPU board contains four TPU packages (the default Cloud TPU configuration). Its system architecture includes a Cloud Engine VM, a Cloud TPU server, Google Cloud storage, and a Cloud TPU board. The TPU is a Cloud TPU instance to which we were given academic access in February 2018. These insights could not be discovered with either the small point spaceĮxploration of the real-world benchmark suites or DeepBench’s microbenchmarks,which do not capture inter-operation dependencies Insights about hardware performance sensitivity to model attributes allow interpolating and extrapolating to future models of interest. The complexity of ParaDnn workloads is comparable to that of real-world models (e.g., ResNet50 and Transformer), as will be shown “end-to-end” models covering current and future applications, and parameterizing the models to explore a much larger design space of DNN model attributes.įor example, a single end-to-end CNN model from ParaDnn containsĪ mixture of many different layers with different sizes of convolution, batch normalization, pooling, and FC layers. ParaDnn has the advantages of the above approaches, To complement existing benchmark suites for this study, we introduce ParaDnn, a parameterized benchmark suite for deep learning. ![]() ![]() There is huge potential to optimize compilers TensorFlow and CUDA teams provide substantial performance Larger batch sizes, resulting in super-linear speedups.ġ4. Significantly improves TPU and GPU performance. Smaller data types save memory traffic and enable It is easier to optimize for certain models Within seven months, the software stack specialized for TPU GPU is more flexible to parallelize non-MatMuls.ġ2. GPU performance scales better with RNN embedding size than TPU. TPU is optimized for both CNN and RNN models.ġ1. TPU achieves 2 × (CNN) and 3 × (RNN) FLOPS utilization compared to GPU. TPU architecture is highly optimized for large CNNs.ġ0. TPU speedup over GPU increases with larger CNNs. Smaller FC models prefer TPU and larger FC models prefer GPU.įC needs more memory bandwidth per core (GPU).ĩ. Warp scheduling is flexible for small batches.Ĩ. Large batches pack well on systolic arrays Need for model parallelism on GPU and TPU.ħ. The largest FC models prefer CPU due to memory constraints. Ones by 3 ×, and large embeddings by > 3 ×, compared to v2.Ħ. TPU v3 optimizes compute-bound MatMuls by 2.3 ×, memory-boundĬapacity, and intra-chip and host-device interconnect). System configurations (FLOPS, memory bandwidth/ĥ. TPU performance can be improved by ≥ 34% by improving data infeed. Mix from key workloads (arithmetic intensity) andĤ. TPU suffers large overheads due to inter-chip communication bottlenecks. ![]() ![]() Need to consider interactions between the operationģ. Many FC and CNN operations are bottlenecked by TPU memory bandwidth. To design/upgrade new specialized systems, architectsĢ. TPU does not exploit the parallelism from the model depth (layer count). ParaDnn allows systematic benchmarking across almost six orders-of-magnitude of model parameter size, exceedingġ. ParaDnn seamlessly generates thousands of parameterized multi-layer models, comprisingįully-connected models (FC), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and recurrent neural networks (RNN). In order to support broad and comprehensive benchmark studies, we introduce ParaDnn, a parameterized deep learningīenchmark suite. This paper proposes a collection of deep learning models (for training) created and curated to benchmark a set of state-of-the-art deep learning platforms. Not only is the cascading effect in the latter case less spectacular, but you'll also lose a lot of your water because it won't fall cleanly into the pond. When rocks have blunt, gently curving edges, some of the water tends to follow that curve and trickle back under the rocks. Water will cascade more cleanly over such edges. They should also have sharp, squarish edges. The spillway rocks should be relatively flat (as opposed to rocks that are more rounded in shape). This gives your cascade design two levels (separate waterfalls, if you will), for greater visual impact. You can consider using two such rocks, one above the other. The most important rocks are what might be termed the spillway rocks: the rocks directly over which the water will cascade. And that means taking another look at the rocks you'll be using. ![]() Now it's time to turn your attention to a more exciting structure: the cascade design itself. With the pond complete, that means one of your two structures is out of the way. Since this water feature is intended only for decoration and for relaxation (it's not a fish pool or koi pond), there's no reason to keep it running if you're not there to enjoy it. Of course, if you're frugal, you'll unplug the pump when you're not around anyhow, to save money on electricity. Should the pond go dry due to water loss, you'll burn out the pump.Ĭonsequently, you must turn off the pump overnight or when leaving your property. But regardless of how well you do at minimizing water loss, it is prudent to check the level of your waterfall pond water periodically. Not even enough to suit you? Then extract the liner and scrape the sand at the bottom this way and that to even the liner until you're satisfied it is level.īefore moving on to the waterfall structure itself, a word of caution: Be sure to consider strategies for minimizing water loss from the start. Determine whether it's even by placing a carpenter's level on top of it (front to back, as well as left to right). Put the preformed liner into the hole for the waterfall pond. This slight elevation will minimize the problem of soil spilling into the waterfall pond. Apply approximately one inch of sand at the bottom, so that the rim of the liner stands an inch or so above the ground. Indeed, plan on shoveling sand into the bottom of the hole, as sand gives you a base that is malleable (allowing you to play with the height of the preformed liner). But if the hole ends up being too big, you can correct your mistake afterward by applying sand. ![]() The depth and diameter of your waterfall pond's hole should roughly match the corresponding dimensions for your preformed liner. ![]() Besides, the overhang of the waterfall structure will just be in your way while digging. If you were to build the cascading waterfall structure first and then dig the waterfall pond, you might undermine those rocks. This entails placing some of the bottom rocks very close to the waterfall pond. Take care of the waterfall pond structure first, simply because you'll be laying your rocks for the cascading waterfall structure in such a way that the front of it overhangs the waterfall pond. There is an easy way to guide your shovel as you dig: turn the liner over on the ground, upside-down, where you want the pond to be, and trace out your circle. The Spruce Home Improvement Review BoardĮxcavate the hole into which your liner will be inserted. ![]() This project not only promises economic growth but also underscores our dedication to preserving our environment for generations to come.” “We are thrilled that CF Industries and POSCO are considering this opportunity here. “In Ascension Parish, we embrace innovation and progress,” said Kate MacArthur, President and CEO, Ascension Economic Development Corporation. In 2022, it announced two major projects in Louisiana a $198.5 million plan to add carbon capture and sequestration capability to its existing ammonia production facility in Donaldsonville and a proposed $2 billion world-scale low-carbon ammonia production facility in Ascension Parish. The project under consideration is part of CF Industries’ commitment to produce ammonia for clean energy applications while decarbonizing its ammonia production process. Together, we're sowing the seeds of a cleaner, greener tomorrow." “A future will offer new job opportunities and skill development that will enhance the employability of our community members and an increased tax revenue stream that will improve public services, infrastructure, safety and healthcare. “The potential location of CF Industries’ low-carbon ammonia manufacturing plant marks another significant milestone in our journey toward a sustainable future,” Ascension Parish President Clint Cointment said. Construction and commissioning of a new world-scale capacity ammonia plant typically takes approximately four years from that point. ![]() We look forward to working with them further as we evaluate this proposed facility that could further the growth of decarbonized industry in the state.”ĬF Industries and POSCO expect to complete an initial front-end engineering design (FEED) study on the proposed site in the second half of 2024 and make a final investment decision for the project shortly thereafter. “We appreciate the partnership we have had with the state of Louisiana and Ascension Parish over the years as we have expanded our operations, taken industry-leading steps to decarbonize our existing assets and now as we explore new, low-carbon ammonia production capacity. “We believe that low-carbon ammonia will play a critical role in accelerating the world’s transition to clean energy, and this proposed new project confirms the global impact we can have in decarbonizing hard-to-abate industries,” CF Industries President and CEO Tony Will said. ATR technology, when combined with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), is expected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the ammonia production process by more than 90% compared to conventional plants without CCS. The companies are exploring the use of autothermal reforming (ATR) ammonia production technology for the proposed facility. “I thank CF Industries for continuing to recognize Louisiana’s unique advantages for energy and manufacturing innovation, and look forward to supporting the creation of quality, high-paying jobs for our state’s skilled workforce if the project moves forward.” “CF Industries is a global leader in the decarbonization of industrial processes and we are excited that they are considering additional investments in Louisiana to support these efforts,” Gov. Louisiana Economic Development estimates the project would result in an additional 177 new indirect jobs, for a total of 227 potential new jobs in the Capital Region. It became the Gonzales Weekly Citizen in 2007 when The Gonzales Weekly (founded in 1920) merged with The Ascension Citizen (founded in 1996).If the project moves forward as outlined, CF Industries expects to create 50 direct new jobs with average annual salaries of more than $106,000, while retaining 541 current positions. The Ascension Citizen was founded by Mark Anderson in 1996 as a competitor of the other Ascension Parish newspapers, The Gonzales Weekly and The Donaldsonville Chief, and within its first few years circulation surpassed 10,000. The Gonzales Weekly Citizen covers local news throughout Ascension Parish and the surrounding area. The newspaper also has received recognition for its assistance with the parish's volunteer organization. The newspaper has received several Louisiana Press Association awards. The circulation is estimated to be 1,600. The Gonzales Weekly Citizen is a member of the Louisiana Press Association. The Gonzales Weekly Citizen has served as the official journal for several entities, including Ascension Parish government, the Ascension Parish Sheriff's Office, the city of Gonzales and the town of Sorrento, Louisiana. The Gonzales Weekly Citizen is a weekly newspaper published every Thursday in Gonzales, Louisiana by GateHouse Media. ![]() $$\det T(A\circ B)=\det(T(A)\circ T(B))=\det T(A)\cdot\det T(B).$$įrom this it's very easy to deduce an odd number of orientation-reversing maps compose to an orientation-reversing map, and now we are done once we check that glide reflections are orientation-reversing (straightforward) and vice versa (less obvious, requires classification of isometries). It's not hard to check that $T(A\circ B)=T(A)\circ T(B)$, therefore A less ad-hoc definition is as follows: we call $A$ orientation-preserving if $\det T(A)>0$ and orientation-reversing if $\det T(A)<0$. Let me denote the latter by $T(A)$ for an isometry $A$. Every isometry is an affine transformation, which means that it can be written as a composition of a translation and some invertible linear transformation. Now, let me just say that if you are willing to accept some linear algebra, then you can make all of the above less ad-hoc. Since the vector of translation and the axis of reflection are parallel, it does not matter which motion is done first in the glide reflection. The vector of translation v v and the axis of reflection m m must be parallel to each other. Therefore, a composition of 1981 glide reflections is still a glide reflection (or a pure reflection). A glide reflection is a combination of a translation and a reflection. It is easy to deduce from those facts that a composition of an odd number of orientation-reversing is orientation-reversing (and of an even number is orientation-preserving). A school wishes to create a track in the shape of a loop. Rotational symmetry is the quality a design has if it maintains all characteristics when it is rotated about a.
What’s more, because your images are stored in the cloud, Adobe’s Sensei AI technology can automatically recognize and ‘tag’ many different kinds of subject. It means that your full photo library, together with all your albums and edits, is available everywhere, and you can edit and download images at their full resolution. Its ‘web-first’ approach brings some key advantages. It doesn’t have all the tools of Lightroom Classic, but its stripped-down interface is fast and efficient, and it’s ideal for working on the move in lots of different locations, and on different devices. The software now simply known as 'Lightroom' is a more modern and streamlined version of the program that's been designed around online photo storage using Creative Cloud. Read more: Lightroom Classic vs Lightroom CC.If you used Lightroom before 2017, that’s the one you’ll be familiar with. You might be wondering why there are two versions of Lightroom for the desktop? Lightroom Classic is an older version of the software, and the one that used to be sold on a physical disc, which focused more on regular desktop storage for your photos. It includes Adobe Photoshop, Lightroom Classic, Lightroom, Lightroom Mobile and Photoshop for iPad, and will keep you covered in most editing situations, whether you're home or on the move. The Adobe Photography Plan (20GB) is the one that is probably best suited to most photographers. Selecting a region changes the language and/or content on you can trust Digital Camera World Our expert reviewers spend hours testing and comparing products and services so you can choose the best for you. Void where prohibited, taxed, or restricted by law. This pricing is subject to change without notice. Offer may not be assigned, exchanged, sold, transferred, or combined with any other discount or offer, or redeemed for cash or other goods and services. This pricing is limited to one (1) purchase of one (1) Creative Cloud annual membership per customer. This pricing is not available to OEM, commercial, or volume licensing customers. This pricing is available for first-time membership only and limited to eligible education customers who purchase directly from the Adobe Store or by calling Adobe Sales. At the end of your offer term, your subscription will be automatically billed at the standard subscription rate, currently at US$359.88/yr (plus applicable taxes), unless you elect to change or cancel your subscription. One-year prepaid Creative Cloud introductory pricingĮligible students 13 and older and teachers can purchase an annual membership to Adobe Creative Cloud for a reduced price of US$239.88 for the first year. ![]() ![]() This pricing is valid for purchases of an annual plan, which requires a 12-month contract. At the end of your offer term, your subscription will be automatically billed at the standard subscription rate, currently at US$29.99/mo (plus applicable taxes), unless you elect to change or cancel your subscription. US$19.99/month Creative Cloud introductory pricingĮligible students 13 and older and teachers can purchase an annual membership to Adobe Creative Cloud for a reduced price of US$19.99/mo for the first year. ![]() Introductory pricing terms and conditions ![]() ![]() Charles and his sister, Princess Anne, were 21 and 19 at the time when they took an unofficial trip to Washington, D.C. But the summer before, her father was trying to play matchmaker with the future king of England. In 1971, President Nixon’s eldest daughter, Tricia, had the first outdoor White House wedding in the Rose Garden. However, according to the BBC, Charles chose to keep his name it was one of the earliest decisions he made after becoming king. And to some, Charles Stuart-best known as Bonnie Prince Charlie and for the Jacobite rebellion in Scotland that attempted to put him on the throne-was called Charles III. He was generally beloved, but was known as a philanderer who acknowledged at least a dozen illegitimate children. Charles I was executed for treason and the monarchy was briefly abolished because of his actions his son, Charles II, spent time in exile until the monarchy was restored 11 years later. And though the king has been the most famous Charles in the UK for seven decades, the previous two King Charleses did not go down well in British history. Many monarchs choose a regnal name (as popes do) that is different than their birth name, such as Charles’s grandfather George VI, who had been christened Albert Frederick Arthur George and went by Bertie for most of his life. People weren't sure if King Charles III would keep his name. Charles went from third to second in line to the throne when his grandfather died in 1952, but it wasn’t until 1958, when he was 9 years old, that he was granted the title Prince of Wales and its conjoining title, Earl of Chester. The title “Prince of Wales“ is only given to a male heir apparent, but it is not an automatic appointment. Though he was already the longest-serving Prince of Wales, he could have held the title for a few extra years if he’d been appointed earlier. Then-Prince Charles And Queen Elizabeth II / Fox Photos/GettyImages King Charles III was just 9 years old when he was officially given the title of Prince of Wales. Halton was off by over a decade: Queen Elizabeth II died when Charles was 73. “If his grandfather, the king, and his mother, the princess, both live the full span of life,“ Halton reported, “he may well be 50 or 60 years old before he ascends the throne.“ Newspapers reported he was “a lovely boy, a really splendid baby,“ but Matthew Halton of CBC Radio reminded listeners that the newborn wouldn’t be king any time soon. Princess Elizabeth was 22 when she gave birth to Charles Philip Arthur George on Novem(just six days before his parents’ first wedding anniversary). King Charles III was the first royal baby born at Buckingham Palace in the 20th century. Here are nine things you might not know about Charles, who became king after his mother’s death on September 8, 2022. And he even found time to do some landscape painting. ![]() He was just 3 years old when his grandfather, King George VI, died and his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne for her historic 70-year reign as the longest-serving monarch in British history.īut for all the very public events of the king’s life that have played out on the world’s stage (his marriage to and divorce from Princess Diana his decades-long relationship with Camilla, the Queen Consort his oft-strained relationship with his father), Charles spent years working behind the scenes to promote charities and fulfill his duties as a leading member of the royal family. King Charles III was famously the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. ![]() Children with APD also tend to say “what?’ or “huh” frequently even when they seem to be paying attention. This can make it hard to distinguish small sound differences within words, remember what was heard, and keep up with ongoing speech, especially when there is background noise or when more than one person is talking. This causes a breakdown in the brain’s ability to accurately and efficiently process sounds and language. This often shows up in the subtests of the reading and writing assessments.Īuditory Processing Disorder is an abnormality in the processing of sound in the central auditory nervous system. Phonological processing problems in individuals with dyslexia are related to 1) a weakness in phonological awareness (understanding sounds and oral language patterns within words), 2) phonological memory (holding on to speech-based information in short-term memory), and/or 3) rapid automatized naming (quickly identifying and naming a series of common stimuli such as letters, numbers, colors, or objects). This contributes to difficulty understanding the way words are made up of sounds (phonemes) and how these sounds are mapped onto their written counterparts (graphemes). There is considerable research evidence that the core deficit in many children with developmental dyslexia is a phonological processing deficit. Theories have suggested different cognitive subtypes, and there can be multiple causal factors within each dyslexic individual. Research suggests that developmental dyslexia may be too complex to be explained by just one causal factor. Individuals with developmental dyslexia have an abnormality in the word analysis pathways that interfere with their ability to convert written words into spoken words. What is the difference in Auditory Processing Disorder and Dyslexia?ĭyslexia is a language-based learning disability often associated with slow or inaccurate reading, poor spelling, poor writing, or mixing up similar words. Dyslexia and Auditory Processing Disorder share many of the same symptoms, but they are different disorders calling for separate treatment methods. In addition, 25% of all children tested for learning disabilities were found to have coexisting APD and dyslexia. Research indicates up to 70% of individuals with dyslexia have an underlying auditory processing disorderĪccording to the National Institutes of Health, in children referred for learning difficulties, around 43% have Auditory Processing Disorder (APD). ![]() Telepractice Services for Auditory Processing Disorder.Low-Gain Hearing Aids for Auditory Processing Disorder (APD).Deficit Specific Auditory Processing Therapy. ![]()
![]() ![]() These light fixtures provide multiple solutions in one package. Adjustable Wattage and Tunable Color Temperature - How to Dim Flat Panel Lights The back-lit LED panels require minimal components compared to edge-lit panels and regular troffers making back-lit LED panels lightweight and easier to handle. Due to the extra thickness, most back-lit panels can only be used in drop or grid ceiling installations. Back-lit led panels are about twice as deep as edge-lit flat panels to accommodate the LED placement on the back of the fixture. Back-lit panels don't require extra light guide plate that the edge-lit panels require - instead back-lit LED panels have a diffuser that ensures smooth light distribution without hotspots or glare. In contrast, back-lit led panels have their LEDs arranged directly behind the lens across the back cavity of the panel fixture. Some edge-lit panels require a separate surface or suspension mounting kits to be able to install in those situations. Edge-lit panels can be installed in standard grid ceilings (like troffers), suspension mounting, or flush mount to the ceiling or wall. The edge-lit panels have a very thin profile and versatile mounting options. A light guide panel directs the light to a plastic diffuser that evenly distributes the light across the surface of the lens. Edge-lit panels have LEDs arranged along the inside edges of the fixture. LED panels come as either edge-lit or back-lit led fixtures. What is the difference between Edge-Lit vs Back-Lit LED Panels? We also offer emergency drivers, as a backup for when power fails and you need up to 90 minutes of operation. Flat Panels are also compatible with 0-10 volt dimmers and accessories like motion sensors. also offers LED Flat Panels in 1x4 and 2x2 sizes for all your lighting needs. They can be installed via drop-in ceilings, surface or suspension mounted or even mounted flush against the ceiling. The LEDs are integrated into the fixture so no more need to change bulbs requiring less maintenance! LED Flat Panels can last up to 50,000 hours, or over nine years of regular use. LED Panels are designed to be a low maintenance and much more energy-efficient replacement to fluorescent troffers, providing better lumen output with less wattage while also lasting longer. 2x4 LED Panel Lights - How do they work & long do they last? Browse a variety of wattages, color temperatures and top brands LED panels. Many of the 2x4 LED panels we offer are DLC rated, offering the opportunity to gain additional utility-funded rebates. Shop 2x4 LED Panels from ! Great for replacing fluorescent troffers in drop ceilings, these panel lights are more energy efficient and last longer than their fluorescent predecessors. LED Lights Flat Panel Fixtures for Surface Mount or Drop Ceiling The day-night cycle also plays a key role in animal behavior. Photoperiod is so important in regulating behavior such as caching that researchers artificially manipulate the photoperiod for animals in captivity to induce this behavior (Pravosudov et al. Though temperature may influence the timing of these activities, photoperiod provides a more accurate cue and plays a large role in initiating or stopping seasonal behaviors. Annual cycles, in particular, are important for migration, hibernation, caching, mating, and raising young. Time influences an animal's environment over periods ranging from milliseconds to decades. The precise mechanisms enabling such navigation are still under investigation. Birds, reptiles, amphibians, and molluscs have also been shown to orient themselves based on the earth's magnetic field (Lohmann & Lohmann 1993 Figure 4). Honey bees appear to use a sun compass when navigating to their foraging sites (Figure 1). A sun compass is the ability to use the sun's position in the sky to determine direction, accounting for both daily and seasonal changes in the sun's position (Alerstam et al. How do Arctic terns and other migrating species navigate such enormous distances? Many species use something similar to global positioning systems that are based on a sun compass or the earth's magnetic field. ![]() Arctic terns ( Sterna paradisaea) travel nearly 80,000 km a year between feeding and mating areas (Egevang et al. Many migrating species navigate over long distances. That is, they take a shortcut, suggesting that they possess a cognitive map of their territory (Menzel et al. Though controversial and difficult to demonstrate, honey bees show some evidence of using cognitive maps when they are physically displaced to a new foraging location, they return home via a direct route. A cognitive map involves a mental map-like representation of the environment. For instance, desert ants ( Cataglyphis spp.) track how far away and in what direction they have traveled from home in order to return home after searching for food (Wehner 2003 Figure 3a).įinally, some animals may use a cognitive map to navigate. At small scales, in which animals navigate around their home territory, they can use dead reckoning, landmarks, and cognitive maps to navigate.ĭead reckoning involves estimating the distance and direction one has traveled. Navigation occurs over different spatial scales, from centimetres to thousands of kilometres, and different mechanisms are used at different scales. Most animal species move about in their habitat, which requires navigating between locations. Here, we explore a sample of the cognitive capacities animals use in their daily lives. ![]() Such cognitive capacities include, among others, the ability to navigate through space, account for the passage of time, determine quantity, and remember events and locations. ![]() Cognition involves processing information, from sensing the environment to making decisions based on available information. Solving these problems requires cognitive capacities. On a daily basis, animals must find food, avoid predators, and seek shelter. The physical world poses a number of problems for animals to solve. Avoiding pitfalls such as this requires carefully controlling experimental studies and following Lloyd Morgan's canon: accept the simplest explanation for a behavior in favor of a more complex cognitive process. Hans was indeed clever: he was attuned to the subtle subconscious body language of the people around him (Pfungst 1911).Ĭlever Hans taught comparative psychologists an important lesson. Pfungst discovered that when people asked Hans a question, they slightly moved their heads when the correct answer was presented. Oskar Pfungst made careful observations of Hans's behavior and discovered that although Hans could correctly answer questions from a variety of people, he could do so only if the questioner were visible. Although many people were thoroughly convinced of Hans's mathematical prowess, some remained skeptical. |
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